Can Christians Affirm Multiple Wills in God?

Jesus prayed in the Garden, "not my will be done but yours," and elsewhere he says, "For I have come down from heaven not to do my will but to do the will of him who sent me." Obviously, Christ has his own will, and the Father has his.

Nobody disagrees here. But the next step is crucial. Does Jesus mean that his divine will agrees with the Father's divine will, or does Jesus mean that his human will concurs with the divine will of God?

Karl Rahner and Karl Barth

The latter was the obvious answer for all orthodox Christians for centuries. Yet Karl Rahner (1904–1984) and Karl Barth (1886–1968) introduced theological emphases that shifted the balance.

Rahner argued that what Christ does in his earthly ministry shows how God exists in Himself. Barth advocated for an eternal submission of the Son to the Father. So Rahner allowed for Christ's earthly obedience to indicate an eternal relationship in God; Barth made the idea mainstream.

Many Christians today take it for granted that the Son naturally stands in a relationship of submission and authority with the Father. This position implies some sort of complexity within the divine will.

Hilary of Poitiers

For this reason, it seems worthwhile to see why Early Christians maintained the absolute unity of God via eternal generation; and why they denied multiple wills in God. One key theologian was Hilary of Poitiers (310–367) who provides a traditional point of view on these matters. 

When Christ identifies with the Father (e.g., “I and the Father are one”), Jesus indicates according to Hilary of Poitiers, “a unity and harmony of will” (On the Trinity, 322).

The Arians in contrast denied this harmony of will because they “believed only in an alliance, based on mutual agreement” between Father and Son. This Arian position aimed to “destroy the unity which proceeds from the birth” (322).

By birth, Hilary means specifically eternal generation which distinguishes Father from Son. The Father begets the Son from eternity; the Son is the only begotten of God from all eternity. Thus, they stand in essential unity but differ by name and by implication the relationship that the names imply (the Son is begotten; the Father begets).

Note carefully: If the Father and Son do not have a unified will and nature which can be distinguished by subsistent relations or origin (eternal generation), then the unity of God comes under threat. And specifically, the Arians threatened God’s unity by not affirming eternal generation and instead affirming some sort of relation in which the Father and Son agreed mutually to act together.

The point: any position that posits multiple wills in God potentially can disrupt the unity of the one, simple God.