A Reformed Harmony between Church and Civil Authority (The Leiden Synopsis)
After the Synod of Dordt (1618-1619), faculty from the University of Leiden spent years disputing reformed orthodoxy to create a synopsis that defined the norm of reformed orthodoxy.
During these disputations, Johannes Polyander (1568–1646) rejected the Roman Catholic position, as expressed in the Council of Trent and elsewhere, that “clerics are entirely and unconditionally exempt from the yoke of the political magistrate” (§50.21).
In its 25th session, the Council of Trent maintained “the immunity of the church and of ecclesiastical persons has been established by the authority of God and the ordinances of the canons” (25.20).[1]
Yet Polyander will deny such a claim because even clerics fall under Romans 13:1. There is no absolute distinction between the two but rather a harmony:
“The greatest possible harmony should be fostered between the two administrations, i.e., the political and the ecclesiastical one, so that each may be supported by the assistance of the other, and so that the foundations tou hosiou, or of the sacred religion, and of the divine law in the church may be supported no less by the authority of the magistrate than in civil society the principles tou dikaiou, or of justice, and of common right may be supported by the ministry of the elders of the church” (§50.49).
Polyander is not ignorant of unjust leaders. He develops a theory of the lesser magistrate and speaks of living under unjust rulers while reposing in God's Providence.
But the point here is that Polyander representing a reformed consensus (with obvious nuances and exceptions here and there) affirmed God's single rule through two administrations (civil magistrates and churches).
God reigns. Christ is on the throne.
And by common grace, we are meant to have harmony. That does not always happen. Sometimes Providence is bitter. But it also brings the blessed fruit of holiness for the children of God.
[1] Cited from Synopsis, 473n21
